This is a comprehensive account of the five tribes - Onandagas, Senecas, Mohawks, Oneidas and Cayugas - who together made up the Iriquois nation, form their origins in prehistory to their dispersal and confinement after the American Revolution. This accessible account by the leading schlolar in the filed draws on the widest possible range of archaeological evidence to provide a narrative interpretation of a people whose beliefs and culture have remained to Americans matters of mystery.

Dean Snow is professor and head of anthropology at the Pennsylvania State University. His previous books include The Archaeology of North America (1979) and The Archaeology of North American Indians (1989).

List of Tables

ix

List of Figures

x

Preface

xiii

Origins, AD 900--1150: The Midwinter Moon

1

(20)

Mythological Origins

2

(3)

The Origin of Ritual

5

(2)

The Midwinter Ceremony

7

(1)

Language Origins

8

(2)

Archaeological Origins

10

(9)

Ethnic Origins

19

(2)

Owasco, 1150--1350: The Sugar Moon

21

(13)

The Maple Ceremony

24

(2)

Phases of the Owasco Cultural Tradition

26

(3)

Owasco Artifacts

29

(1)

Owasco Villages

30

(1)

Owasco Warfare

31

(2)

End of the Period

33

(1)

The Development of Northern Iroquoian Culture, 1350--1525: The Fishing Moon

34

(18)

AD 1350--1400

35

(2)

The Thunder Ceremony

37

(1)

Significance of the Period

37

(3)

The Longhouse

40

(6)

AD 1400--1525

46

(4)

The Chance Phase

50

(2)

The Rise of the League, 1525--1600: The Planting Moon

52

(25)

Warfare and Death

53

(4)

Iroquois Clans

57

(1)

The League of the Iroquois

57

(3)

Operation of the League

60

(5)

The Role of Women in the League

65

(1)

Chiefs and the Condolence Council

65

(1)

Marine Shell Symbols

66

(1)

Horticulture and New Towns

67

(3)

The Planting Ceremony

70

(2)

Iroquois Society

72

(3)

Iroquois Demography

75

(2)

The Coming of Europeans, 1600--1634: The Strawberry Moon

77

(17)

The First Trade Goods

77

(1)

Direct Contacts

78

(2)

Iroquois Demoraphy

80

(2)

The Approaching Scourge

82

(1)

The State of the Nations

83

(5)

Iroquois Populations

88

(1)

Summer in Iroquoia

89

(1)

The Strawberry Ceremony

89

(5)

The Year of Death, 1634: The Lost Moon

94

(15)

The Coming of Smallpox

94

(3)

Population Collapse

97

(3)

The Medicine Societies

100

(5)

Dealing with Death

105

(1)

The Cycle of Moons

106

(1)

The Sun and Moon Ceremonies

107

(2)

The Struggle for Hearts and Minds, 1635-1700: The Green Bean Moon

109

(22)

More Population Decline

109

(2)

The New Economy

111

(3)

The Internecine Wars

114

(4)

The Rise of English Power

118

(1)

The Middle Ground

119

(2)

The Covenant Chain

121

(1)

King Philip's War

122

(2)

The Green Bean Ceremony

124

(2)

King William's War

126

(1)

The Grounds for Torture

127

(2)

Iroquois Society around 1700

129

(2)

Iroquoia in the Balance, 1700--1750: The Green Corn Moon

131

(10)

A Move to Neutrality

132

(2)

The Green Corn Ceremony

134

(2)

Queen Anne's War

136

(2)

The Coming of the Tuscaroras

138

(1)

King George's War

139

(2)

The Loss of Independence, 1750--1800: The Fresh Moon

141

(17)

The Iroquois in the Balance

141

(1)

The Albany Plan

142

(1)

The Final Colonial War

143

(2)

The Rise of Joseph Brant

145

(1)

An Unbalanced Peace

145

(5)

The American Revolution

150

(2)

The Longhouse in Ruins

152

(2)

The United States Constitution

154

(1)

The Struggle for Land

154

(4)

Revival and Subjection, 1800--1850: The Harvest Moon

158

(17)

Handsome Lake

158

(4)

The Harvest Ceremony

162

(1)

Giving up the Land

162

(4)

The Buffalo Creek Disaster

166

(1)

The Mohawks and Oneidas

166

(1)

Cultural Retrenchment

167

(1)

Morgan and the Iroquois

168

(7)

The Worst of Times, 1850--1900: The Hunting Moon

175

(12)

Holding on to the Land

176

(1)

The Canadian Iroquois

177

(1)

The Kansas Claim

177

(1)

The Civil War

178

(1)

The Dawes Act

179

(1)

Giving up Tradition

180

(3)

Reviving Tradition

183

(1)

Old Age

184

(1)

Lacrosse

184

(3)

The Rise of Modern Iroquois, 1900--1950: The Cold Moon

187

(11)

The Great Law at Six Nations

187

(4)

The Decline of Traditional Leadership

191

(1)

The Iroquois in New York and Quebec

192

(3)

The Federal Retreat

195

(1)

The Approach of Midcentury

196

(2)

The Contemporary Scene, 1950--2000: The Very Cold Moon

198

(24)

Tuscarora

198

(1)

The Allegany and Cattaraugus Reservations

199

(2)

Akwesasne

201

(9)

Ganienkeh

210

(1)

Kanesatake

211

(1)

Kahnawake

212

(1)

Gibson

213

(1)

Tyendinaga

213

(1)

Oneida

214

(1)

Cayuga

215

(1)

Onondaga

216

(1)

Tonawanda

217

(1)

Six Nations

217

(1)

The Iroquois at Century's End

218

(1)

Origin of the Little Water Medicine Society

219

(1)

The Little Water Ceremony

220

(2)

Notes

222

(20)

Suggestions for Further Reading

242

(2)

References

244

(18)

Index

262

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The Iroquois

9781557869388

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