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9780878930890

Speciation

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780878930890

  • ISBN10:

    0878930892

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2004-05-01
  • Publisher: Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press

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Summary

Over the last two decades, the study of speciation has expanded from a modest backwater of evolutionary biology into a large and vigorous discipline. Thus, the literature on speciation, as well as the number of researchers and students working in this area, has grown explosively. Despite these developments, there has been no book-length treatment of speciation in many years. As a result, both the seasoned scholar and the newcomer to evolutionary biology had no ready guide to the recent literature on speciation--a body of work that is enormous, scattered, and increasingly technical. Although several excellent symposium volumes have recently appeared, these collections do not provide a unified, critical, and up-to-date overview of the field. Speciation is designed to fill this gap.

Aimed at professional biologists, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates, Speciation covers both plants and animals (the first book on this subject to do so), and deals with all relevant areas of research, including biogeography, field work, systematics, theory, and genetic and molecular studies. It gives special emphasis to topics that are either controversial or the subject of active research, including sympatric speciation, reinforcement, the role of hybridization in speciation, the search for genes causing reproductive isolation, and mounting evidence for the role of natural and sexual selection in the origin of species. The authors do not hesitate to take stands on these and other controversial issues. This critical and scholarly book will be invaluable to researchers in evolutionary biology and is also ideal for a graduate-level course on speciation.

Author Biography


The authors have collaborated since 1989, coauthoring a number of research and review papers on speciation.

Jerry A. Coyne is Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago. He earned his Ph.D. (Biology) at Harvard University, followed by an NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship in the Department of Genetics at the University of California, Davis. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses spanning a wide range of topics, including evolutionary biology, speciation, genetic analysis, social issues and scientific knowledge, and scientific speaking and writing. Dr. Coyne was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1989. He has served as Vice President of the Society for the Study of Evolution (1996) and as Associate Editor of Evolution (1985-1988; 1994-2000) and The American Naturalist (1990-1993). His work is widely published, not only in scientific journals, but in such mainstream venues as The New York Times, the Times Literary Supplement, and The New Republic. His research interests include population and evolutionary genetics, speciation, ecological and quantitative genetics, chromosome evolution, and sperm competition.

H. Allen Orr is Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Rochester, where he has taught courses in evolution, quantitative and population genetics, evolutionary genetics, and speciation. He completed his Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago and undertook postdoctoral study at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Orr was awarded both the Young Investigator Prize (American Society of Naturalists, 1992) and the Dobzhansky Prize (Society for the Study of Evolution, 1993). Other honors include the David and Lucile Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering (1995-2000) and a Guggenheim fellowship (2000-2001). Dr. Orr has served on the editorial boards of Evolution (1998-2000) and Genetical Research (1996-present), authored or coauthored numerous articles in scientific journals, and been a frequent contributor of book reviews and critical essays to such publications as The New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, and Boston Review. His research interests include population genetics, the genetics of speciation in Drosophila, and the genetics of adaptation.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(8)
Species: Reality and Concepts
9(46)
The Reality of Species
10(15)
Sexually reproducing eukaryotic taxa
12(5)
Groups with little or no sexual reproduction
17(8)
Conclusions
25(1)
Species Concepts
25(23)
The biological species concept (BSC)
26(12)
Advantages of the BSC
38(1)
Problems with the BSC
39(9)
Other species concepts
48(1)
Why Are There Species?
48(7)
Studying Speciation
55(28)
The Problem of Speciation
57(4)
Identifying and Measuring Reproductive Isolation
61(11)
Absolute strength of isolating barriers
62(1)
Relative strength of isolating barriers
63(2)
Prezygotic versus postzygotic isolation
65(4)
Which isolating barriers caused speciation?
69(3)
Comparative Studies of Isolating Barriers
72(11)
How fast does reproductive isolation appear?
72(9)
Which traits promote the evolution of reproductive isolation?
81(2)
Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation
83(42)
Allopatric Speciation
85(26)
Vicariant speciation
86(19)
Peripatric speciation
105(6)
Parapatric Speciation
111(12)
Theory
112(5)
Experimental evidence
117(1)
Evidence from nature
118(5)
Conclusions
123(2)
Sympatric Speciation
125(54)
Theory
127(11)
Disruptive sexual selection
128(2)
Disruptive natural selection
130(6)
Conclusions
136(2)
Experimental Evidence
138(3)
Evidence from Nature
141(34)
Evidence from habitat ``islands''
143(14)
Evidence from host races and host-specific species
157(9)
Allochronic (temporal) isolation in sympatry
166(2)
Comparative studies of the biogeography of speciation
168(7)
Conclusions
175(4)
Ecological Isolation
179(32)
Habitat Isolation
182(11)
Detecting and measuring habitat isolation
184(1)
The problem of allopatry
185(1)
Examples of habitat isolation
186(2)
Relative importance of habitat isolation
188(1)
The evolution of habitat isolation
188(3)
The genetics of habitat isolation
191(2)
Pollinator (Floral) Isolation
193(9)
Detecting and measuring pollinator isolation
194(1)
Examples of pollinator isolation
195(2)
Relative importance of pollinator isolation
197(1)
The evolution of pollinator isolation
198(3)
The genetics of pollinator isolation
201(1)
Temporal (Allochronic) Isolation
202(8)
Detecting and measuring temporal isolation
203(1)
Examples of temporal isolation
204(1)
Relative importance of temporal isolation
205(1)
The evolution of temporal isolation
206(4)
The genetics of temporal isolation
210(1)
Conclusions
210(1)
Behavioral and Nonecological Isolation
211(36)
Mating System ``Isolation''
211(2)
Behavioral Isolation
213(14)
Detecting and measuring behavioral isolation
213(1)
Examples of behavioral isolation
214(1)
Relative importance of behavioral isolation
215(1)
The evolution of behavioral isolation
216(7)
The genetics of behavioral isolation
223(4)
Mechanical Isolation
227(5)
Examples of mechanical isolation
228(1)
Relative importance of mechanical isolation
229(1)
The evolution of mechanical isolation
230(1)
The genetics of mechanical isolation
231(1)
Gametic (Postmating, Prezygotic) Isolation
232(15)
Examples of gametic isolation
233(5)
Relative importance of gametic isolation
238(3)
The evolution of gametic isolation
241(4)
Conclusions
245(2)
Postzygotic Isolation
247(36)
Extrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
249(4)
Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
253(2)
The Frequency of Various Forms of Postzygotic Isolation
255(1)
The Evolution of Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
255(1)
Genetic Modes of Intrinsic Postzygotic Isolation
256(24)
Chromosomal speciation: theory
256(3)
Chromosomal speciation: data
259(8)
Genic incompatibilities
267(2)
The evolution of genic incompatibilities: the Dobzhansky--Muller model
269(3)
Mathematical models of genic speciation
272(4)
Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility
276(4)
Conclusions
280(3)
The Genetics of Postzygotic Isolation
283(38)
Haldane's Rule
284(15)
The phenomenon
284(2)
The causes of Haldane's rule
286(12)
Conclusions
298(1)
The Genetic Basis of Postzygotic Isolation
299(22)
How many genes cause postzygotic isolation?
299(8)
Complexity of hybrid incompatibilities
307(1)
Probability of hybrid incompatibilities
308(1)
Where are the genes causing postzygotic isolation?
308(1)
Developmental basis of postzygotic isolation
309(3)
Are duplicate genes important?
312(1)
Which genes cause postzygotic isolation?
313(8)
Polyploidy and Hybrid Speciation
321(32)
Polyploidy
321(16)
Classification
322(2)
Pathways to polyploidy
324(2)
Incidence
326(2)
Frequency of auto-versus allopolyploidy
328(2)
Ecology and persistence
330(3)
Why is polyploidy rarer in animals than in plants?
333(4)
Recombinational Speciation
337(16)
What is recombinational speciation?
337(1)
Theory
338(4)
The data: frequency and artificial hybrids
342(2)
The data: natural recombinational speciation
344(6)
The data meet the theory
350(3)
Reinforcement
353(30)
The Data
354(12)
Selection experiments
355(2)
Evidence from nature: case studies
357(5)
Evidence from nature: comparative studies
362(3)
Reinforcement of postzygotic isolation
365(1)
The Theory
366(9)
Early enthusiasm
366(3)
Objections to reinforcement
369(3)
The revival of reinforcement
372(3)
Alternative Explanations
375(4)
Publication bias
375(1)
Differential fusion
376(1)
Direct ecological effects
377(1)
Ecological character displacement
377(1)
Runaway sexual selection
378(1)
Sympatric speciation
378(1)
Distinguishing the Alternatives
379(4)
Selection versus Drift
383(28)
Speciation by Selection
383(4)
Natural selection
385(1)
Sexual selection
386(1)
Mathematical theories of selection-based speciation
387(1)
Speciation by Drift
387(7)
Peak shift models
388(6)
Theoretical Criticisms
394(2)
Recent Peak Shift Models
396(2)
The Data
398(12)
Evidence from the laboratory
398(3)
Evidence from nature
401(9)
Conclusions
410(1)
Speciation and Macroevolution
411(36)
Rates of Speciation
411(18)
What is a speciation rate?
412(1)
Theory and speciation rates
413(3)
Calculating speciation intervals
416(9)
Extreme rates of speciation
425(2)
What is the effect of biogeography?
427(1)
Conclusions
428(1)
Factors Affecting Speciation Rates
429(13)
Tests for the effects of key factors
431(4)
Distinguishing speciation from extinction
435(1)
The data
436(5)
Conclusions
441(1)
Species Selection
442(5)
Appendix: A Catalogue and Critique of Species Concepts
447(26)
Genotypic Cluster Species Concept
447(4)
Recognition Species Concept
451(1)
Cohesion Species Concept
452(4)
Evolutionary Species Concept
456(1)
Ecological Species Concept
457(2)
Phylogenetic Species Concepts
459(14)
References 473(50)
Author Index 523(10)
Subject Index 533

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