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9780750633659

Chemistry of the Elements

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780750633659

  • ISBN10:

    0750633654

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1997-11-25
  • Publisher: Elsevier Science

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Summary

When this innovative textbook first appeared in 1984 it rapidly became a great success throughout the world and has already been translated into several European and Asian languages. Now the authors have completely revised and updated the text, including more than 2000 new literature references to work published since the first edition. No page has been left unaltered but the novel features which proved so attractive have been retained. The book presents a balanced, coherent and comprehensive account of the chemistry of the elements for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. This crucial central area of chemistry is full of ingenious experiments, intriguing compounds and exciting new discoveries. The authors specifically avoid the term 'inorganic chemistry' since this evokes an outmoded view of chemistry which is no longer appropriate in the final decade of the 20th century. accordingly, the book covers not only the 'inorganic' chemistry of the elements, but also analytical, theoretical, industrial, organometallic, bio-inorganic and other cognate areas of chemistry. The authors have broken with recent tradition in the teaching of their subject and adopted a new and highly successful approach based on descriptive chemistry. The chemistry of the elements is still discussed within the context of an underlying theoretical framework, giving cohesion and structure to the text, but at all times the chemical facts are emphasized. Students are invited to enter the exciting world of chemical phenomena with a sound knowledge and understanding of the subject, to approach experimentation with an open mind, and to assess observations reliably. This is a book that students will not only value during their formal education, but will keep and refer to throughout their careers as chemists.

Table of Contents

Preface to the second edition xix(2)
Preface to the first edition xxi
Chapter 1 Origin of the Elements. Isotopes and Atomic Weights
1(19)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Origin of the Universe
1(2)
1.3 Abundances of the Elements in the Universe
3(2)
1.4 Stellar Evolution and the Spectral Classes of Stars
5(4)
1.5 Synthesis of the Elements
9(6)
1.5.1 Hydrogen burning
9(1)
1.5.2 Helium burning and carbon burning
10(1)
1.5.3 The XXX-process
11(1)
1.5.4 The e-process (equilibrium process)
12(1)
1.5.5 The s- and r-processes (slow and rapid neutron absorption)
12(1)
1.5.6 The p-process (proton capture)
13(1)
1.5.7 The x-process
13(2)
1.6 Atomic Weights
15(5)
1.6.1 Uncertainty in atomic weights
16(2)
1.6.2 The problem of radioactive elements
18(2)
Chapter 2 Chemical Periodicity and the Periodic Table
20(12)
2.1 Introduction
20(1)
2.2 The Electronic Structure of Atoms
21(2)
2.3 Periodic Trends in Properties
23(6)
2.3.1 Trends in atomic and physical properties
23(4)
2.3.2 Trends in chemical properties
27(2)
2.4 Prediction of New Elements and Compounds
29(3)
Chapter 3 Hydrogen
32(36)
3.1 Introduction
32(2)
3.2 Atomic and Physical Properties of Hydrogen
34(4)
3.2.1 Isotopes of hydrogen
34(1)
3.2.2 Ortho- and para-hydrogen
35(1)
3.2.3 Ionized forms of hydrogen
36(2)
3.3 Preparation, Production and Uses
38(5)
3.3.1 Hydrogen
38(1)
3.3.2 Deuterium
39(2)
3.3.3 Tritium
41(2)
3.4 Chemical Properties and Trends
43(5)
3.4.1 The coordination chemistry of hydrogen
44(4)
3.5 Protonic Acids and Bases
48(4)
3.6 The Hydrogen Bond
52(12)
3.6.1 Influence on properties
53(6)
3.6.2 Influence on structure
59(2)
3.6.3 Strength of hydrogen bonds and theoretical description
61(3)
3.7 Hydrides of the Elements
64(4)
Chapter 4 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and Francium
68(39)
4.1 Introduction
68(1)
4.2 The Elements
68(11)
4.2.1 Discovery and isolation
68(1)
4.2.2 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
69(2)
4.2.3 Production and uses of the metals
71(3)
4.2.4 Properties of the alkali metals
74(2)
4.2.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
76(1)
4.2.6 Solutions in liquid ammonia and other solvents
77(2)
4.3 Compounds
79(28)
4.3.1 Introduction: the ionic-bond model
79(3)
4.3.2 Halides and hydrides
82(2)
4.3.3 Oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxides
84(2)
4.3.4 Hydroxides
86(1)
4.3.5 Oxoacid salts and other compounds
87(3)
4.3.6 Coordination chemistry
90(9)
4.3.7 Imides, amides and related compounds
99(3)
4.3.8 Organometallic compounds
102(5)
Chapter 5 Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium
107(32)
5.1 Introduction
107(1)
5.2 The Elements
108(5)
5.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
108(2)
5.2.2 Production and uses of the metals
110(1)
5.2.3 Properties of the elements
111(1)
5.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
112(1)
5.3 Compounds
113(26)
5.3.1 Introduction
113(2)
5.3.2 Hydrides and halides
115(4)
5.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
119(3)
5.3.4 Oxoacid salts and coordination complexes
122(5)
5.3.5 Organometallic compounds
127(12)
Beryllium
127(4)
Magnesium
131(5)
Calcium, Strontium and Barium
136(3)
Chapter 6 Boron
139(77)
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 Boron
140(5)
6.2.1 Isolation and purification of the element
140(1)
6.2.2 Structure of crystalline boron
141(3)
6.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of boron
144(1)
6.2.4 Chemical properties
144(1)
6.3 Borides
145(6)
6.3.1 Introduction
145(1)
6.3.2 Preparation and stoichiometry
146(1)
6.3.3 Structures of borides
147(4)
6.4 Boranes (Boron Hydrides)
151(30)
6.4.1 Introduction
151(6)
6.4.2 Bonding and topology
157(5)
6.4.3 Preparation and properties of boranes
162(2)
6.4.4 The chemistry of small boranes and their anions (B(1) - B(4))
164(6)
6.4.5 Intermediate-sized boranes and their anions (B(5) - B(9))
170(3)
6.4.6 Chemistry of nido-decaborane. B(10)H(14)
173(5)
6.4.7 Chemistry of closo-B(n)H(n)(2-)
178(3)
6.5 Carboranes
181(8)
6.6 Metallocarboranes
189(6)
6.7 Boron Halides
195(8)
6.7.1 Boron trihalides
195(5)
6.7.2 Lower halides of boron
200(3)
6.8 Boron-Oxygen Compounds
203(4)
6.8.1 Boron oxides and oxoacids
203(2)
6.8.2 Borates
205(2)
6.8.3 Organic compounds containing boron - oxygen bonds
207(1)
6.9 Boron - Nitrogen Compounds
207(4)
6.10 Other Compounds of Boron
211(5)
6.10.1 Compounds with bonds to P. As or Sb
211(2)
6.10.2 Compounds with bonds to S. Se and Te
213(3)
Chapter 7 Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium
216(52)
7.1 Introduction
216(1)
7.2 The Elements
217(10)
7.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
217(2)
7.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
219(3)
7.2.3 Properties of the elements
222(2)
7.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
224(3)
7.3 Compounds
227(41)
7.3.1 Hydrides and related complexes
227(6)
7.3.2 Halides and halide complexes
233(9)
Aluminium trihalides
233(4)
Trihalides of gallium, indium and thallium
237(3)
Lower halides of gallium, indium and thallium
240(2)
7.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
242(5)
7.3.4 Ternary and more complex oxide phases
247(5)
Spinels and related compounds
247(2)
Sodium-XXX-alumina and related phases
249(2)
Tricalcium aluminate, Ca(3)Al(2)O(6)
251(1)
7.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
252(5)
Chalcogenides
252(3)
Compounds with bonds to N, P, As, Sb or Bi
255(1)
Some unusual stereochemistries
256(1)
7.3.6 Organometallic compounds
257(11)
Organoaluminium compounds
258(4)
Organometallic compounds of Ga, In and Tl
262(3)
Al-N heterocycles and clusters
265(3)
Chapter 8 Carbon
268(60)
8.1 Introduction
268(1)
8.2 Carbon
269(24)
8.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
269(5)
8.2.2 Allotropic forms
274(2)
8.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
276(2)
8.2.4 Fullerenes
278(11)
Structure of the fullerenes
280(2)
Other molecular allotropes of carbon
282(1)
Chemistry of the fullerenes
282(3)
Reduction of fullerenes to fullerides
285(1)
Addition reactions
286(1)
Heteroatom fullerene-type clusters
287(1)
Encapsulation of metal atoms by fullerene clusters
288(1)
8.2.5 Chemical properties of carbon
289(4)
8.3 Graphite Intercalation Compounds
293(3)
8.4 Carbides
296(5)
Metallocarbohedrenes (met-cars)
300(1)
8.5 Hydrides, Halides and Oxohalides
301(4)
8.6 Oxides and Carbonates
305(8)
8.7 Chalcogenides and Related Compounds
313(6)
8.8 Cyanides and Other Carbon - Nitrogen Compounds
319(7)
8.9 Organometallic Compounds
326(2)
Chapter 9 Silicon
328(39)
9.1 Introduction
328(1)
9.2 Silicon
329(6)
9.2.1 Occurrence and distribution
329(1)
9.2.2 Isolation, production and industrial uses
330(1)
9.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
330(1)
9.2.4 Chemical properties
331(4)
9.3 Compounds
335(32)
9.3.1 Silicides
335(2)
9.3.2 Silicon hydrides (silanes)
337(3)
9.3.3 Silicon halides and related complexes
340(2)
9.3.4 Silica and silicic acids
342(5)
9.3.5 Silicate minerals
347(12)
Silicates with discrete units
347(2)
Silicates with chain or ribbon structures
349(1)
Silicates with layer structures
349(5)
Silicates with framework structures
354(5)
9.3.6 Other inorganic compounds of silicon
359(2)
9.3.7 Organosilicon compounds and silicones
361(6)
Chapter 10 Germanium, Tin and Lead
367(39)
10.1 Introduction
367(1)
10.2 The Elements
368(6)
10.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
368(1)
10.2.2 Production and uses of the elements
369(2)
10.2.3 Properties of the elements
371(2)
10.2.4 Chemical reactivity and group trends
373(1)
10.3 Compounds
374(32)
10.3.1 Hydrides and hydrohalides
374(1)
10.3.2 Halides and related complexes
375(7)
Germanium halides
376(1)
Tin halides
377(4)
Lead halides
381(1)
10.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
382(5)
10.3.4 Derivatives of oxoacids
387(2)
10.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
389(2)
10.3.6 Metal-metal bonds and clusters
391(5)
10.3.7 Organometallic compounds
396(10)
Germanium
396(3)
Tin
399(5)
Lead
404(2)
Chapter 11 Nitrogen
406(67)
11.1 Introduction
406(1)
11.2 The Element
407(9)
11.2.1 Abundance and distribution
407(2)
11.2.2 Production and uses of nitrogen
409(2)
11.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
411(1)
11.2.4 Chemical reactivity
412(4)
11.3 Compounds
416(57)
11.3.1 Nitrides, azides and nitrido complexes
417(3)
11.3.2 Ammonia and ammonium salts
420(6)
Liquid ammonia as a solvent
424(2)
11.3.3 Other hydrides of nitrogen
426(8)
Hydrazine
427(4)
Hydroxylamine
431(1)
Hydrogen azide
432(2)
11.3.4 Thermodynamic relations between N-containing species
434(4)
11.3.5 Nitrogen halides and related compounds
438(5)
11.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen
443(16)
Nitrous oxide, N(2)O
443(2)
Nitric oxide, NO
445(9)
Dinitrogen trioxide, N(2)O(3)
454(1)
Nitrogen dioxide, NO(2), and dinitrogen tetroxide, N(2)O(4)
455(3)
Dinitrogen pentoxide, N(2)O(5), and nitrogen trioxide, NO(3)
458(1)
11.3.7 Oxoacids, oxoanions and oxoacid salts of nitrogen
459(14)
Hyponitrous acid and hyponitrites
459(2)
Nitrous acid and nitrites
461(4)
Nitric acid and nitrates
465(6)
Orthonitrates, M(1)(3)NO(4)
471(2)
Chapter 12 Phosphorus
473(74)
12.1 Introduction
473(2)
12.2 The Element
475(14)
12.2.1 Abundance and distribution
475(4)
12.2.2 Production and uses of elemental phosphorus
479(1)
12.2.3 Allotropes of phosphorus
479(3)
12.2.4 Atomic and physical properties
482(1)
12.2.5 Chemical reactivity and stereochemistry
483(6)
12.3 Compounds
489(58)
12.3.1 Phosphides
489(3)
12.3.2 Phosphine and related compounds
492(3)
12.3.3 Phosphorus halides
495(6)
Phosphorus trihalides
495(2)
Diphosphorus tetrahalides and other lower halides of phosphorus
497(1)
Phosphorus pentahalides
498(3)
Pseudohalides of phosphorus(III)
501(1)
12.3.4 Oxohalides and thiohalides of phosphorus
501(2)
12.3.5 Phosphorus oxides, sulfides, selenides and related compounds
503(7)
Oxides
503(3)
Sulfides
506(4)
Oxosulfides
510(1)
12.3.6 Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts
510(21)
Hypophosphorous acid and hypophosphites [H(2)PO(OH) and H(2)PO(2)(-)]
513(1)
Phosphorous acid and phosphites [HPO(OH)(2) and HPO(3)(2-)]
514(1)
Hypophosphoric acid (H(4)P(2)O(6)) and hypophosphates
515(1)
Other lower oxoacids of phosphorus
516(1)
The phosphoric acids
516(7)
Orthophosphates
523(3)
Chain polyphosphates
526(3)
Cyclo-polyphosphoric acids and cyclo-polyphosphates
529(2)
12.3.7 Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds
531(11)
Cyclophosphazanes
533(1)
Phosphazenes
534(2)
Polyphosphazenes
536(6)
Applications
542(1)
12.3.8 Organophosphorus compounds
542(5)
Chapter 13 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
547(53)
13.1 Introduction
547(1)
13.2 The Elements
548(6)
13.2.1 Abundance, distribution and extraction
548(2)
13.2.2 Atomic and physical properties
550(2)
13.2.3 Chemical reactivity and group trends
552(2)
13.3 Compounds of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
554(46)
13.3.1 Intermetallic compounds and alloys
554(3)
13.3.2 Hydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth
557(1)
13.3.3 Halides and related complexes
558(14)
Trihalides, MX(3)
558(3)
Pentahalides, MX(5)
561(2)
Mixed halides and lower halides
563(1)
Halide complexes of M(III) and M(V)
564(6)
Oxide halides
570(2)
13.3.4 Oxides and oxo compounds
572(6)
Oxo compounds of M(III)
573(3)
Mixed-valence oxides
576(1)
Oxo compounds of M(V)
576(2)
13.3.5 Sulfides and related compounds
578(5)
13.3.6 Metal - metal bonds and clusters
583(8)
13.3.7 Other inorganic compounds
591(1)
13.3.8 Organometallic compounds
592(8)
Organoarsenic(III) compounds
593(1)
Organoarsenic(V) compounds
594(2)
Physiological activity of arsenicals
596(1)
Organoantimony and organobismuth compounds
596(4)
Chapter 14 Oxygen
600(45)
14.1 The Element
600(15)
14.1.1 Introduction
600(2)
14.1.2 Occurrence
602(1)
14.1.3 Preparation
603(1)
14.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
604(3)
14.1.5 Other forms of oxygen
607(5)
Ozone
607(4)
Atomic oxygen
611(1)
14.1.6 Chemical properties of dioxygen, O(2)
612(3)
14.2 Compounds of Oxygen
615(30)
14.2.1 Coordination chemistry: dioxygen as a ligand
615(5)
14.2.2 Water
620(13)
Introduction
620(1)
Distribution and availability
621(2)
Physical properties and structure
623(2)
Water of crystallization, aquo complexes and solid hydrates
625(2)
Chemical properties
627(5)
Polywater
632(1)
14.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide
633(5)
Physical properties
633(1)
Chemical properties
634(4)
14.2.4 Oxygen fluorides
638(2)
14.2.5 Oxides
640(5)
Various methods of classification
640(2)
Nonstoichiometry
642(3)
Chapter 15 Sulfur
645(102)
15.1 The Element
645(31)
15.1.1 Introduction
645(2)
15.1.2 Abundance and distribution
647(2)
15.1.3 Production and uses of elemental sulfur
649(3)
15.1.4 Allotropes of sulfur
652(9)
15.1.5 Atomic and physical properties
661(7)
15.1.6 Chemical reactivity
662(14)
Polyatomic sulfur cations
664(1)
Sulfur as a ligand
665(8)
Other ligands containing sulfur as donor atom
673(3)
15.2 Compounds of Sulfur
676(71)
15.2.1 Sulfides of the metallic elements
676(6)
General considerations
676(3)
Structural chemistry of metal sulfides
679(2)
Anionic polysulfides
681(1)
15.2.2 Hydrides of sulfur (sulfanes)
682(1)
15.2.3 Halides of sulfur
683(10)
Sulfur fluorides
683(6)
Chlorides, bromides and iodides of sulfur
689(4)
15.2.4 Oxohalides of sulfur
693(2)
15.2.5 Oxides of sulfur
695(11)
Lower oxides
695(3)
Sulfur dioxide, SO(2)
698(3)
Sulfur dioxide as a ligand
701(2)
Sulfur trioxide
703(1)
Higher oxides
704(2)
15.2.6 Oxoacids of sulfur
706(15)
Sulfuric acid, H(2)SO(4)
710(2)
Peroxosulfuric acids, H(2)SO(5) and H(2)S(2)O(8)
712(2)
Thiosulfuric acid, H(2)S(2)O(3)
714(1)
Dithionic acid, H(2)S(2)O(6)
715(1)
Polythionic acids, H(2)S(n)O(6)
716(1)
Sulfurous acid, H(2)SO(3)
717(3)
Disulfurous acid, H(2)S(2)O(5)
720(1)
Dithionous acid, H(2)S(2)O(4)
720(1)
15.2.7 Sulfur - nitrogen compounds
721(26)
Binary sulfur nitrides
722(8)
Sulfur - nitrogen cations and anions
730(5)
Sulfur imides, S(8-n)(NH)(n)
735(1)
Other cyclic sulfur - nitrogen compounds
736(1)
Sulfur - nitrogen - halogen compounds
736(11)
Sulfur - nitrogen - oxygen compounds
Chapter 16 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
747(42)
16.1 The Elements
747(18)
16.1.1 Introduction: history, abundance, distribution
747(1)
16.1.2 Production and uses of the elements
748(3)
16.1.3 Allotropy
751(2)
16.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
753(1)
16.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
754(5)
16.1.6 Polyatomic cations, M(x)(n+)
759(3)
16.1.7 Polyatomic anions, M(x)(2-)
762(3)
16.2 Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
765(24)
16.2.1 Selenides, tellurides and polonides
765(1)
16.2.2 Hydrides
766(1)
16.2.3 Halides
767(10)
Lower halides
768(4)
Tetrahalides
772(3)
Hexahalides
775(1)
Halide complexes
776(1)
16.2.4 Oxohalides and pseudohalides
777(2)
16.2.5 Oxides
779(2)
16.2.6 Hydroxides and oxoacids
781(2)
16.2.7 Other inorganic compounds
783(3)
16.2.8 Organo-compounds
786(3)
Chapter 17 The Halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine
789(99)
17.1 The Elements
789(20)
17.1.1 Introduction
789(6)
Fluorine
789(3)
Chlorine
792(1)
Bromine
793(1)
Iodine
794(1)
Astatine
794(1)
17.1.2 Abundance and distribution
795(1)
17.1.3 Production and uses of the elements
796(4)
17.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
800(4)
17.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
804(5)
General reactivity and stereochemistry
804(2)
Solutions and charge-transfer complexes
806(3)
17.2 Compounds of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine
809(76)
17.2.1 Hydrogen halides, HX
809(10)
Preparation and uses
809(3)
Physical properties of the hydrogen halides
812(1)
Chemical reactivity of the hydrogen halides
813(3)
The hydrogen halides as nonaqueous solvents
816(3)
17.2.2 Halides of the elements
819(5)
Fluorides
820(1)
Chlorides, bromides and iodides
821(3)
17.2.3 Interhalogen compounds
824(11)
Diatomic interhalogens, XY
824(4)
Tetra-atomic interhalogens, XY(3)
828(4)
Hexa-atomic and octa-atomic interhalogens, XF(5) and IF(7)
832(3)
17.2.4 Polyhalide anions
835(4)
17.2.5 Polyhalonium cations XY(2n+)
839(3)
17.2.6 Halogen cations
842(2)
17.2.7 Oxides of chlorine, bromine and iodine
844(9)
Oxides of chlorine
844(6)
Oxides of bromine
850(1)
Oxides of iodine
851(2)
17.2.8 Oxoacids and oxoacid salts
853(22)
General considerations
853(3)
Hypohalous acids, HOX, and hypohalites, XO(-)
856(3)
Halous acids, HOXO, and halites, XO(2-)
859(3)
Halic acids, HOXO(2), and halates, XO(3-)
862(3)
Perhalic acid and perhalates
865(1)
Perchloric acid and perchlorates
865(6)
Perbromic acid and perbromates
871(1)
Periodic acids and periodates
872(3)
17.2.9 Halogen oxide fluorides and related compounds
875(8)
Chlorine oxide fluorides
875(5)
Bromine oxide fluorides
880(1)
Iodine oxide fluorides
881(2)
17.2.10 Halogen derivatives of oxoacids
883(2)
17.3 The Chemistry of Astatine
885(3)
Chapter 18 The Noble Gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon
888(17)
18.1 Introduction
888(1)
18.2 The Elements
889(3)
18.2.1 Distribution, production and uses
889(1)
18.2.2 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
890(2)
18.3 Chemistry of the Noble Gases
892(13)
18.3.1 Clathrates
893(1)
18.3.2 Compounds of xenon
893(10)
18.3.3 Compounds of other noble gases
903(2)
Chapter 19 Coordination and Organometallic Compounds
905(39)
19.1 Introduction
905(1)
19.2 Types of Ligand
906(2)
19.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds
908(4)
19.4 The Various Coordination Numbers
912(6)
19.5 Isomerism
918(3)
Conformational isomerism
918(1)
Geometrical isomerism
919(1)
Optical isomerism
919(1)
Ionization isomerism
920(1)
Linkage isomerism
920(1)
Coordination isomerism
920(1)
Polymerization isomerism
921(1)
Ligand isomerism
921(1)
19.6 The Coordinate Bond
921(3)
19.7 Organometallic Compounds
924(20)
19.7.1 Monohapto ligands
925(5)
19.7.2 Dihapto ligands
930(3)
19.7.3 Trihapto ligands
933(2)
19.7.4 Tetrahapto ligands
935(2)
19.7.5 Pentahapto ligands
937(3)
19.7.6 Hexahapto ligands
940(1)
19.7.7 Heptahapto and octahapto ligands
941(3)
Chapter 20 Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
944(10)
20.1 Introduction
944(1)
20.2 The Elements
945(4)
20.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
945(1)
20.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
945(1)
20.2.3 Properties of the elements
946(2)
20.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
948(1)
20.3 Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
949(5)
20.3.1 Simple compounds
949(1)
20.3.2 Complexes
950(3)
20.3.3 Organometallic compounds
953(1)
Chapter 21 Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
954(22)
21.1 Introduction
954(1)
21.2 The Elements
955(6)
21.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
955(1)
21.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
955(1)
21.2.3 Properties of the elements
956(2)
21.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
958(3)
21.3 Compounds of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
961(15)
21.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
961(1)
21.3.2 Mixed (or complex) oxides
962(2)
21.3.3 Halides
964(2)
21.3.4 Compounds with oxoanions
966(1)
21.3.5 Complexes
967(5)
Oxidation state IV (d(0))
967(2)
Oxidation state III (d(1))
969(2)
Lower oxidation states
971(1)
21.3.6 Organometallic compounds
972(4)
Chapter 22 Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
976(26)
22.1 Introduction
976(1)
22.2 The Elements
977(4)
22.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
977(1)
22.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
977(1)
22.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
978(1)
22.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
979(2)
22.3 Compounds of Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
981(21)
22.3.1 Oxides
981(2)
22.3.2 Polymetallates
983(4)
22.3.3 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
987(1)
22.3.4 Halides and oxohalides
988(5)
22.3.5 Compounds with oxoanions
993(1)
22.3.6 Complexes
994(5)
Oxidation state V (d(0))
994(1)
Oxidation state IV (d(1))
994(2)
Oxidation state III (d(2))
996(2)
Oxidation state II (d(3))
998(1)
22.3.7 The biochemistry of vanadium
999(1)
22.3.8 Organometallic compounds
999(3)
Chapter 23 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
1002(38)
23.1 Introduction
1002(1)
23.2 The Elements
1003(4)
23.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1003(1)
23.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
1003(1)
23.2.3 Properties of the elements
1004(1)
23.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1005(2)
23.3 Compounds of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
1007(33)
23.3.1 Oxides
1007(2)
23.3.2 Isopolymetallates
1009(4)
23.3.3 Heteropolymetallates
1013(3)
23.3.4 Tungsten and molybdenum bronzes
1016(1)
23.3.5 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
1017(2)
23.3.6 Halides and oxohalides
1019(4)
23.3.7 Complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten
1023(12)
Oxidation state VI (d(0))
1023(1)
Oxidation state V (d(1))
1024(1)
Oxidation state IV (d(2))
1025(2)
Oxidation state III (d(3))
1027(4)
Oxidation state II (d(4))
1031(4)
23.3.8 Biological activity and nitrogen fixation
1035(2)
23.3.9 Organometallic compounds
1037(3)
Chapter 24 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
1040(30)
24.1 Introduction
1040(1)
24.2 The Elements
1041(4)
24.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1041(1)
24.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
1041(2)
24.2.3 Properties of the elements
1043(1)
24.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1044(1)
24.3 Compounds of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
1045(25)
24.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1045(4)
24.3.2 Oxoanions
1049(2)
24.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
1051(3)
24.3.4 Complexes of manganese, technetium and rhenium
1054(7)
Oxidation state VII (d(0))
1054(1)
Oxidation state VI (d(1))
1055(1)
Oxidation state V (d(2))
1055(1)
Oxidation state IV (d(3))
1056(1)
Oxidation state III (d(4))
1057(1)
Oxidation state II (d(5))
1058(3)
Lower oxidation states
1061(1)
24.3.5 The biochemistry of manganese
1061(1)
24.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1062(8)
Chapter 25 Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1070(43)
25.1 Introduction
1070(1)
25.2 The Elements Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1071(8)
25.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1071(1)
25.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1071(3)
25.2.3 Properties of the elements
1074(1)
25.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1075(4)
25.3 Compounds of Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1079(34)
25.3.1 Oxides and other chalcogenides
1079(2)
25.3.2 Mixed metal oxides and oxoanions
1081(1)
25.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
1082(3)
25.3.4 Complexes
1085(13)
Oxidation state VIII (d(0))
1085(1)
Oxidation state VII (d(1))
1085(1)
Oxidation state VI (d(2))
1085(1)
Oxidation state V (d(3))
1086(1)
Oxidation state IV (d(4))
1086(2)
Oxidation state III (d(5))
1088(3)
Oxidation state II (d(6))
1091(6)
Mixed valence compounds of ruthenium
1097(1)
Lower oxidation states
1098(1)
25.3.5 The biochemistry of iron
1098(6)
Haemoglobin and myoglobin
1099(2)
Cytochromes
1101(1)
Iron-sulfur proteins
1102(2)
25.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1104(9)
Carbonyls
1104(1)
Carbonyl hydrides and carbonylate anions
1105(3)
Carbonyl halides and other substituted carbonyls
1108(1)
Ferrocene and other cyclopentadienyls
1109(4)
Chapter 26 Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
1113(31)
26.1 Introduction
1113(1)
26.2 The Elements
1113(4)
26.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1113(1)
26.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1114(1)
26.2.3 Properties of the elements
1115(1)
26.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1116(1)
26.3 Compounds of Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
1117(27)
26.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
1117(2)
26.3.2 Halides
1119(2)
26.3.3 Complexes
1121(17)
Oxidation state IV (d(5))
1121(1)
Oxidation state III (d(6))
1122(7)
Oxidation state II (d(7))
1129(4)
Oxidation state I (d(8))
1133(4)
Lower oxidation states
1137(1)
26.3.4 The biochemistry of cobalt
1138(1)
26.3.5 Organometallic compounds
1139(5)
Carbonyls
1140(3)
Cyclopentadienyls
1143(1)
Chapter 27 Nickel, Palladium and Platinum
1144(29)
27.1 Introduction
1144(1)
27.2 The Elements
1145(5)
27.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1145(1)
27.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1145(3)
27.2.3 Properties of the elements
1148(1)
27.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1149(1)
27.3 Compounds of Nickel, Palladium and Platinum
1150(23)
27.3.1 The Pd H(2) system
1150(1)
27.3.2 Oxides and chalcogenides
1151(1)
27.3.3 Halides
1152(2)
27.3.4 Complexes
1154(13)
Oxidation state IV (d(6))
1154(1)
Oxidation state III (d(7))
1155(1)
Oxidation state II (d(8))
1156(10)
Oxidation state I (d(9))
1166(1)
Oxidation state 0 (d(10))
1166(1)
27.3.5 The biochemistry of nickel
1167(1)
27.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1167(6)
XXX-Bonded compounds
1167(1)
Carbonyls
1168(2)
Cyclopentadienyls
1170(1)
Alkene and alkyne complexes
1170(1)
XXX-Allylic complexes
1171(2)
Chapter 28 Copper, Silver and Gold
1173(28)
28.1 Introduction
1173(1)
28.2 The Elements
1174(6)
28.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1174(1)
28.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1174(2)
28.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
1176(1)
28.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1177(3)
28.3 Compounds of Copper, Silver and Gold
1180(21)
28.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
1181(1)
28.3.2 High temperature superconductors
1182(1)
28.3.3 Halides
1183(2)
28.3.4 Photography
1185(2)
28.3.5 Complexes
1187(10)
Oxidation state III (d(8))
1187(2)
Oxidation state II (d(9))
1189(4)
Electronic spectra and magnetic properties of copper(II)
1193(4)
Oxidation state I (d(10))
1194
Gold cluster compounds
1197(1)
28.3.6 Biochemistry of copper
1197(2)
28.3.7 Organometallic compounds
1199(2)
Chapter 29 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
1201(26)
29.1 Introduction
1201(1)
29.2 The Elements
1202(6)
29.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1202(1)
29.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1202(1)
29.2.3 Properties of the elements
1203(2)
29.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1205(3)
29.3 Compounds of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
1208(19)
29.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1208(3)
29.3.2 Halides
1211(2)
29.3.3 Mercury(I)
1213(2)
Polycations of mercury
1214(1)
29.3.4 Zinc(II) and cadmium(II)
1215(2)
29.3.5 Mercury(II)
1217(4)
Hg(II) - N compounds
1218(2)
Hg(II) - S compounds
1220(1)
Cluster compounds involving mercury
1220(1)
29.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1221(3)
29.3.7 Biological and environmental importance
1224(3)
Chapter 30 The Lanthanide Elements (Z = 58 - 71)
1227(23)
30.1 Introduction
1227(2)
30.2 The Elements
1229(9)
30.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1229(1)
30.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1230(2)
30.2.3 Properties of the elements
1232(3)
30.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1235(3)
30.3 Compounds of the Lanthanides
1238(12)
30.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1238(2)
30.3.2 Halides
1240(2)
30.3.3 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties
1242(2)
30.3.4 Complexes
1244(4)
Oxidation state IV
1244(1)
Oxidation state III
1245(3)
Oxidation state II
1248(1)
30.3.5 Organometallic compounds
1248(2)
Cyclopentadienides and related compounds
1248(1)
Alkyls and aryls
1249(1)
Chapter 31 The Actinide and Transactinide Elements (Z = 90 - 112)
1250(35)
31.1 Introduction
1250(3)
Superheavy elements
1253(1)
31.2 The Actinide Elements
1253(14)
31.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1253(2)
31.2.2 Preparation and uses of the actinide elements
1255(7)
Nuclear reactors and atomic energy
1256(4)
Nuclear fuel reprocessing
1260(2)
31.2.3 Properties of the actinide elements
1262(2)
31.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1264(3)
31.3 Compounds of the Actinides
1267(13)
31.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides of the actinides
1268(1)
31.3.2 Mixed metal oxides
1269(1)
31.3.3 Halides of the actinide elements
1269(3)
31.3.4 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties
1272(1)
31.3.5 Complexes of the actinide elements
1273(5)
Oxidation state VII
1273(1)
Oxidation state VI
1273(1)
Oxidation state V
1274(1)
Oxidation state IV
1275(2)
Oxidation state III
1277(1)
Oxidation state II
1278(1)
31.3.6 Organometallic compounds of the actinides
1278(2)
31.4 The Transactinide Elements
1280(5)
31.4.1 Introduction
1280(1)
31.4.2 Element 104
1281(1)
31.4.3 Element 105
1282(1)
31.4.4 Element 106
1282(1)
31.4.5 Elements 107, 108 and 109
1283(1)
31.4.6 Elements 110, 111 and 112
1283(2)
Appendix 1 Atomic Orbitals 1285(5)
Appendix 2 Symmetry Elements, Symmetry Operations and Point Groups 1290(3)
Appendix 3 Some Non-SI Units 1293(1)
Appendix 4 Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks 1294(1)
Appendix 5 Effective Ionic Radii 1295(1)
Appendix 6 Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1296(4)
Appendix 7 Nobel Prize for Physics 1300(5)
Index 1305

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