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9780073101699

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780073101699

  • ISBN10:

    0073101699

  • Edition: 4th
  • Format: Package
  • Copyright: 2004-12-21
  • Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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List Price: $327.38

Summary

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change by Martin Silberberg has become a favorite among faculty and students. Silberberg's 4th edition contains features that make it the most comprehensive and relevant text for any student enrolled in General Chemistry. The text contains unprecedented macroscopic to microscopic molecular illustrations, consistent step-by-step worked exercises in every chapter, an extensive range of end-of-chapter problems which provide engaging applications covering a wide variety of freshman interests, including engineering, medicine, materials, and environmental studies. All of these qualities make Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change the centerpiece for any General Chemistry course.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Guided Tour xxiii
Keys to the Study of Chemistry
1(37)
Some Fundamental Definitions
2(6)
The Properties of Matter
2(2)
The Three States of Matter
4(1)
The Central Theme in Chemistry
5(1)
The Importance of Energy in the Study of Matter
6(2)
Chemical Arts and the Origins of Modern Chemistry
8(2)
Prechemical Traditions
8(1)
The Phlogiston Fiasco and the Impact of Lavoisier
9(1)
The Scientific Approach: Developing a Model
10(2)
Chemical Problem Solving
12(4)
Units and Conversion Factors in Calculations
12(2)
A Systematic Approach to Solving Chemistry Problems
14(2)
Measurement in Scientific Study
16(9)
General Features of SI Units
16(1)
Some Important SI Units in Chemistry
17(8)
Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures
25(13)
Determining Which Digits Are Significant
26(1)
Significant Figures in Calculations
27(2)
Precision, Accuracy, and Instrument Calibration
29(1)
Chapter Perspective
30(1)
Chemical Connections to Interdisciplinary Science: Chemistry Problem Solving in the Real World
31(1)
For Review and Reference
32(1)
Problems
33(5)
The Components of Matter
38(48)
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview
39(2)
The Observations That Led to an Atomic View of Matter
41(3)
Mass Conservation
41(1)
Definite Composition
42(1)
Multiple Proportions
43(1)
Dalton's Atomic Theory
44(1)
Postulates of the Atomic Theory
44(1)
How the Theory Explains the Mass Laws
44(1)
The Relative Masses of Atoms
45(1)
The Observations That Led to the Nuclear Atom Model
45(4)
Discovery of the Electron and Its Properties
45(2)
Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
47(2)
The Atomic Theory Today
49(5)
Structure of the Atom
49(1)
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Symbol
50(1)
Isotopes and Atomic Masses of the Elements
50(2)
Tools of the Laboratory: Mass Spectrometry
52(1)
A Modern Reassessment of the Atomic Theory
53(1)
Elements: A First Look at the Periodic Table
54(3)
Compounds: Introduction to Bonding
57(5)
The Formation of Ionic Compounds
60(1)
The Formation of Covalent Compounds
60(1)
The Elements of Life
61(1)
Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Masses
62(11)
Types of Chemical Formulas
62(1)
Some Advice about Learning Names and Formulas
62(1)
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
63(5)
Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent Compounds
68(1)
An Introduction to Naming Organic Compounds
69(1)
Molecular Masses from Chemical Formulas
70(2)
Gallery: Picturing Molecules
72(1)
Mixtures: Classification and Separation
73(13)
Tools of the Laboratory: Basic Separation Techniques
74(2)
Chapter Perspective
76(1)
For Review and Reference
77(1)
Problems
78(8)
Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations
86(48)
The Mole
87(7)
Defining the Mole
87(2)
Molar Mass
89(1)
Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities
90(3)
Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula
93(1)
Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound
94(7)
Empirical Formulas
95(1)
Molecular Formulas
96(3)
Chemical Formulas and Molecular Structures
99(2)
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
101(4)
Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product
105(11)
Stoichiometrically Equivalent Molar Ratios from the Balanced Equation
106(3)
Chemical Reactions That Occur in a Sequence
109(1)
Chemical Reactions That Involve a Limiting Reactant
110(4)
Chemical Reactions in Practice: Theoretical, Actual, and Percent Yields
114(2)
Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry
116(18)
Expressing Concentration in Terms of Molarity
117(1)
Mole-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Solutions
117(1)
Preparing and Diluting Molar Solutions
118(2)
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions in Solution
120(2)
Chapter Perspective
122(1)
For Review and Reference
123(2)
Problems
125(9)
The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions
134(42)
The Role of Water as a Solvent
135(5)
The Polar Nature of Water
135(1)
Ionic Compounds in Water
136(2)
Covalent Compounds in Water
138(2)
Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions
140(1)
Precipitation Reactions
141(3)
The Key Event: Formation of a Solid from Dissolved Ions
141(1)
Predicting Whether a Precipitate Will Form
142(2)
Acid-Base Reactions
144(6)
The Key Event: Formation of H2O from H+ and OH-
145(1)
Acid-Base Titrations
146(2)
Proton Transfer: A Closer Look at Acid-Base Reactions
148(2)
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
150(8)
The Key Event: Movement of Electrons Between Reactants
150(1)
Some Essential Redox Terminology
151(1)
Using Oxidation Numbers to Monitor the Movement of Electron Charge
151(3)
Balancing Redox Equations
154(1)
Redox Titrations
155(3)
Elements in Redox Reactions
158(7)
Reversible Reactions: An Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
165(11)
Chapter Perspective
167(1)
For Review and Reference
167(2)
Problems
169(7)
Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
176(48)
An Overview of the Physical States of Matter
177(2)
Gas Pressure and Its Measurement
179(4)
Laboratory Devices for Measuring Gas Pressure
179(2)
Units of Pressure
181(2)
The Gas Laws and Their Experimental Foundations
183(10)
The Relationship Between Volume and Pressure: Boyle's Law
183(1)
The Relationship Between Volume and Temperature: Charles's Law
184(2)
The Relationship Between Volume and Amount: Avogadro's Law
186(1)
Gas Behavior at Standard Conditions
187(1)
The Ideal Gas Law
188(1)
Solving Gas Law Problems
189(4)
Further Applications of the Ideal Gas Law
193(5)
The Density of a Gas
193(1)
The Molar Mass of a Gas
194(1)
The Partial Pressure of a Gas in a Mixture of Gases
195(3)
The Ideal Gas Law and Reaction Stoichiometry
198(2)
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: A Model for Gas Behavior
200(10)
How the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Explains the Gas Laws
200(5)
Effusion and Diffusion
205(1)
The Chaotic World of Gases: Mean Free Path and Collision Frequency
206(1)
Chemical Connections to Planetary Science: Structure and Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
207(3)
Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior
210(14)
Effects of Extreme Conditions on Gas Behavior
210(2)
The van der Waals Equation: The Ideal Gas Law Redesigned
212(1)
Chapter Perspective
213(1)
For Review and Reference
213(3)
Problems
216(8)
Thermochemistry: Energy Flow and Chemical Change
224(32)
Forms of Energy and Their Interconversion
225(7)
The System and Its Surroundings
225(1)
Energy Flow to and from a System
226(1)
Heat and Work: Two Forms of Energy Transfer
227(2)
The Law of Energy Conservation
229(1)
Units of Energy
229(1)
State Functions and the Path Independence of the Energy Change
230(2)
Enthalpy: Heats of Reaction and Chemical Change
232(3)
The Meaning of Enthalpy
232(1)
Comparing ΔE and ΔH
232(1)
Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
233(1)
Some Important Types of Enthalpy Change
234(1)
Calorimetry: Laboratory Measurement of Heats of Reaction
235(3)
Specific Heat Capacity
235(1)
The Practice of Calorimetry
236(2)
Stoichiometry of Thermochemical Equations
238(2)
Hess's Law of Heat Summation
240(2)
Standard Heats of Reaction (ΔH rxn)
242(14)
Formation Equations and Their Standard Enthalpy Changes
242(1)
Determining ΔH rxn from ΔH f Values of Reactants and Products
243(2)
Chemical Connections to Environmental Science: The Future of Energy Use
245(3)
Chapter Perspective
248(1)
For Review and Reference
248(2)
Problems
250(6)
Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure
256(34)
The Nature of Light
257(7)
The Wave Nature of Light
258(4)
The Particle Nature of Light
262(2)
Atomic Spectra
264(7)
The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
265(1)
The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom
266(3)
Tools of the Laboratory: Spectrophotometry in Chemical Analysis
269(2)
The Wave-Particle Duality of Matter and Energy
271(4)
The Wave Nature of Electrons and the Particle Nature of Photons
271(3)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
274(1)
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
275(15)
The Atomic Orbital and the Probable Location of the Electron
275(2)
Quantum Numbers of an Atomic Orbital
277(3)
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
280(3)
Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom
283(1)
Chapter Perspective
283(1)
For Review and Reference
283(2)
Problems
285(5)
Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
290(38)
Development of the Periodic Table
291(1)
Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms
292(4)
The Electron-Spin Quantum Number
292(1)
The Exclusion Principle
293(1)
Electrostatic Effects and Energy-Level Splitting
294(2)
The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
296(9)
Building Up Periods 1 and 2
296(2)
Building Up Period 3
298(2)
Electron Configurations Within Groups
300(1)
The First d-Orbital Transition Series: Building Up Period 4
300(2)
General Principles of Electron Configurations
302(1)
Unusual Configurations: Transition and Inner Transition Elements
303(2)
Trends in Three Key Atomic Properties
305(8)
Trends in Atomic Size
305(4)
Trends in Ionization Energy
309(3)
Trends in Electron Affinity
312(1)
Atomic Structure and Chemical Reactivity
313(15)
Trends in Metallic Behavior
313(3)
Properties of Monatomic Ions
316(6)
Chapter Perspective
322(1)
For Review and Reference
322(2)
Problems
324(4)
Models of Chemical Bonding
328(37)
Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonds
329(3)
The Three Types of Chemical Bonding
329(2)
Lewis Electron-Dot Symbols: Depicting Atoms in Chemical Bonding
331(1)
The Ionic Bonding Model
332(7)
Energy Considerations in Ionic Bonding: The Importance of Lattice Energy
333(2)
Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
335(2)
How the Model Explains the Properties of Ionic Compounds
337(2)
The Covalent Bonding Model
339(8)
The Formation of a Covalent Bond
339(2)
Properties of a Covalent Bond: Bond Energy and Bond Length
341(2)
How the Model Explains the Properties of Covalent Substances
343(2)
Tools of the Laboratory: Infrared Spectroscopy
345(2)
Bond Energy and Chemical Change
347(4)
Changes in Bond Strength: Where Does ΔH rxn Come From?
347(1)
Using Bond Energies to Calculate ΔH rxn
347(3)
Relative Bond Strengths in Fuels and Foods
350(1)
Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
351(6)
Electronegativity
351(2)
Polar Covalent Bonds and Bond Polarity
353(1)
The Partial Ionic Character of Polar Covalent Bonds
354(1)
The Continuum of Bonding Across a Period
355(2)
An Introduction to Metallic Bonding
357(8)
The Electron-Sea Model
357(1)
How the Model Explains the Properties of Metals
358(2)
Chapter Perspective
360(1)
For Review and Reference
360(1)
Problems
361(4)
The Shapes of Molecules
365(33)
Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures
366(9)
Using the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures
366(3)
Resonance: Delocalized Electron-Pair Bonding
369(2)
Formal Charge: Selecting the More Important Resonance Structure
371(1)
Lewis Structures for Exceptions to the Octet Rule
372(3)
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape
375(12)
Electron-Group Arrangements and Molecular Shapes
376(1)
The Molecular Shape with Two Electron Groups (Linear Arrangement)
377(1)
Molecular Shapes with Three Electron Groups (Trigonal Planar Arrangement)
377(1)
Molecular Shapes with Four Electron Groups (Tetrahedral Arrangement)
378(2)
Molecular Shapes with Five Electron Groups (Trigonal Bipyramidal Arrangement)
380(1)
Molecular Shapes with Six Electron Groups (Octahedral Arrangement)
381(2)
Using VSEPR Theory to Determine Molecular Shape
383(1)
Molecular Shapes with More Than One Central Atom
384(2)
Gallery: Molecular Beauty: Odd Shapes With Useful Functions
386(1)
Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
387(11)
Bond Polarity, Bond Angle, and Dipole Moment
387(2)
The Effect of Molecular Polarity on Behavior
389(1)
Chapter Perspective
389(1)
Chemical Connections to Sensory Physiology: Molecular Shape, Biological Receptors, and the Sense of Smell
390(2)
For Review and Reference
392(1)
Problems
393(5)
Theories of Covalent Bonding
398(26)
Valence Bond (VB) Theory and Orbital Hybridization
399(7)
The Central Themes of VB Theory
399(1)
Types of Hybrid Orbitals
400(6)
The Mode of Orbital Overlap and the Types of Covalent Bonds
406(3)
Orbital Overlap in Single and Multiple Bonds
406(3)
Orbital Overlap and Molecular Rotation
409(1)
Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory and Electron Delocalization
409(15)
The Central Themes of MO Theory
410(2)
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Period 2 Elements
412(5)
MO Description of Some Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
417(1)
MO Descriptions of Benzene and Ozone
418(1)
Chapter Perspective
419(1)
For Review and Reference
419(2)
Problems
421(3)
Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
424(64)
An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes
425(3)
Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes
428(8)
Heat Involved in Phase Changes: A Kinetic-Molecular Approach
428(2)
The Equilibrium Nature of Phase Changes
430(4)
Phase Diagrams: Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Physical State
434(2)
Types of Intermolecular Forces
436(7)
Ion-Dipole Forces
437(1)
Dipole-Dipole Forces
438(1)
The Hydrogen Bond
439(1)
Polarizability and Charge-Induced Dipole Forces
440(1)
Dispersion (London) Forces
441(2)
Properties of the Liquid State
443(2)
Surface Tension
443(1)
Capillarity
444(1)
Viscosity
445(1)
Gallery: Properties of Liquids
446
The Uniqueness of Water
445(4)
Solvent Properties of Water
447(1)
Thermal Properties of Water
447(1)
Surface Properties of Water
447(1)
The Density of Solid and Liquid Water
448(1)
The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding
449(15)
Structural Features of Solids
449(6)
Tools of the Laboratory: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
455(1)
Types and Properties of Crystalline Solids
456(4)
Amorphous Solids
460(1)
Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Band Theory
460(4)
Advanced Materials
464(24)
Electronic Materials
464(2)
Liquid Crystals
466(3)
Ceramic Materials
469(3)
Polymeric Materials
472(5)
Nanotechnology: Designing Materials Atom by Atom
477(2)
Chapter Perspective
479(1)
For Review and Reference
480(1)
Problems
481(7)
The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids
488(53)
Types of Solutions: Intermolecular Forces and Predicting Solubility
490(5)
Intermolecular Forces in Solution
490(1)
Liquid Solutions and the Role of Molecular Polarity
491(3)
Gas Solutions and Solid Solutions
494(1)
Intermolecular Forces and Biological Macromolecules
495(7)
The Structure of Proteins
495(3)
The Structure of the Cell Membrane
498(2)
The Structure of DNA
500(1)
The Structure of Cellulose
501(1)
Why Substances Dissolves: Understanding the Solution Process
502(5)
Heats of Solution and Solution Cycles
502(1)
Heats of Hydration: Ionic Solids in Water
503(2)
The Solution Process and the Change in Entropy
505(2)
Solubility as an Equilibrium Process
507(3)
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
508(1)
Effect of Pressure on Solubility
509(1)
Quantitative Ways of Expressing Concentration
510(5)
Molarity and Molality
510(2)
Parts of Solute by Parts of Solution
512(2)
Interconverting Concentration Terms
514(1)
Colligative Properties of Solutions
515(12)
Colligative Properties of Nonvolatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
516(5)
Gallery: Colligative Properties in Industry and Biology
521(2)
Using Colligative Properties to Find Solute Molar Mass
523(1)
Colligative Properties of Volatile Nonelectrolyte Solutions
524(1)
Colligative Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutions
525(2)
The Structure and Properties of Colloids
527(14)
Chemical Connections to Sanitary Engineering: Solutions and Colloids in Water Purification
529(2)
Chapter Perspective
531(1)
For Review and Reference
531(3)
Problems
534(7)
INTERCHAPTER A Perspective on the Properties of the Elements
541
Topic 1 The Key Atomic Properties
542(2)
Topic 2 Characteristics of Chemical Bonding
544(2)
Topic 3 Metallic Behavior
546(1)
Topic 4 Acid-Base Behavior of the Element Oxides
547(1)
Topic 5 Redox Behavior of the Elements
548(2)
Topic 6 Physical States and Phase Changes
550(2)
Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements
552(64)
Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom
553(2)
Where Does Hydrogen Fit in the Periodic Table?
553(1)
Highlights of Hydrogen Chemistry
554(1)
Trends Across the Periodic Table: The Period 2 Elements
555(3)
Group 1A(1): The Alkali Metals
558(4)
Why Are the Alkakli Metals Soft, Low Melting, and Lightweight?
558(1)
Why Are the Alkali Metals So Reactive?
558(1)
The Anomalous Behavior of Lithium
559(3)
Group 2A(2): The Alkaline Earth Metals
562(4)
How Do the Physical Properties of the Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metals Compare?
562(1)
How Do the Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metals Compare?
562(1)
The Anomalous Behavior of Beryllium
563(1)
Diagonal Relationships: Lithium and Magnesium
563(1)
Looking Backward and Forward: Groups 1A(1), 2A(2), and 3A(13)
563(3)
Group 3A(13): The Boron Family
566(6)
How Do the Transition Elements Influence Group 3A(13) Properties?
566(1)
What New Features Appear in the Chemical Properties of Group 3A(13)?
566(4)
Highlights of Boron Chemistry
570(2)
Diagonal Relationships: Beryllium and Aluminum
572(1)
Group 4A(14): The Carbon Family
572(11)
How Does the Bonding in an Element Affect Physical Properties?
572(4)
How Does the Type of Bonding Change in Group 4A(14) Compounds?
576(1)
Highlights of Carbon Chemistry
576(2)
Highlights of Silicon Chemistry
578(1)
Diagonal Relationships: Boron and Silicon
579(1)
Looking Backward and Forward: Groups 3A(13), 4A(14), and 5A(15)
579(1)
Gallery: Silicate Minerals and Silicone Polymers
580(3)
Group 5A(15): The Nitrogen Family
583(8)
What Accounts for the Wide Range of Physical Behavior in Group 5A(15)?
583(3)
What Patterns Appear in the Chemical Behavior of Group 5A(15)?
586(1)
Highlights of Nitrogen Chemistry
587(3)
Highlights of Phosphorus Chemistry: Oxides and Oxoacids
590(1)
Group 6A(16): The Oxygen Family
591(7)
How Do the Oxygen and Nitrogen Families Compare Physically?
591(3)
How Do the Oxygen and Nitrogen Families Compare Chemically?
594(2)
Highlights of Oxygen Chemistry: Range of Oxide Properties
596(1)
Highlights of Sulfur Chemistry: Oxides, Oxoacids, and Sulfides
596(2)
Looking Backward and Forward: Groups 5A(15), 6A(16), and 7A(17)
598(1)
Group 7A(17): The Halogens
598(7)
What Accounts for the Regular Changes in the Halogens' Physical Properties?
598(1)
Why Are the Halogens So Reactive?
598(4)
Highlights of Halogen Chemistry
602(3)
Group 8A(18): The Noble Gases
605(11)
How Can Noble Gases Form Compounds?
605(1)
Looking Backward and Forward: Groups 7A(17), 8A(18), and 1A(1)
605(2)
Chapter Perspective
607(1)
For Review and Reference
607(1)
Problems
608(8)
Organic Compounds and the Atomic Properties of Carbon
616(56)
The Special Nature of Carbon and the Characteristics of Organic Molecules
617(3)
The Structural Complexity of Organic Molecules
618(1)
The Chemical Diversity of Organic Molecules
618(2)
The Structures and Classes of Hydrocarbons
620(14)
Carbon Skeletons and Hydrogen Skins
620(3)
Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with Only Single Bonds
623(2)
Constitutional Isomerism and the Physical Properties of Alkanes
625(2)
Chiral Molecules and Optical Isomerism
627(1)
Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds
628(2)
Chemical Connections to Sensory Physiology: Geometric Isomers and the Chemistry of Vision
630(1)
Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with Triple Bonds
631(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Cyclic Molecules with Delocalized π Electrons
632(1)
Variations on a Theme: Catenated Inorganic Hydrides
633(1)
Tools of the Laboratory: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
634(1)
Some Important Classes of Organic Reactions
634(4)
Types of Organic Reactions
634(3)
The Redox Process in Organic Reactions
637(1)
Properties and Reactivities of Common Functional Groups
638(12)
Functional Groups with Only Single Bonds
638(5)
Functional Groups with Double Bonds
643(2)
Functional Groups with Single and Double Bonds
645(4)
Functional Groups with Triple Bonds
649(1)
The Monomer-Polymer Theme I: Synthetic Macromolecules
650(3)
Addition Polymers
651(1)
Condensation Polymers
652(1)
The Monomer-Polymer Theme II: Biological Macromolecules
653(19)
Sugars and Polysaccharides
653(2)
Amino Acids and Proteins
655(3)
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
658(3)
Chapter Perspective
661(1)
Chemical Connections to Genetics: DNA Sequencing and the Human Genome Project
662(2)
For Review and Reference
664(2)
Problems
666(6)
Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions
672(50)
Factors That Influence Reaction Rate
674(1)
Expressing the Reaction Rate
675(4)
Average, Instantaneous, and Initial Reaction Rates
676(2)
Expressing Rate in Terms of Reactant and Product Concentrations
678(1)
The Rate Law and Its Components
679(7)
Tools of the Laboratory: Measuring Reaction Rates
680(1)
Determining the Initial Rate
681(1)
Reaction Order Terminology
682(1)
Determining Reaction Orders
683(2)
Determining the Rate Constant
685(1)
Integrated Rate Laws: Concentration Changes over Time
686(6)
Integrated Rate Laws for First-, Second-, and Zero-Order Reactions
686(2)
Determining the Reaction Order from the Integrated Rate Law
688(1)
Reaction Half-Life
689(3)
The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
692(2)
Explaining the Effects of Concentration and Temperature
694(6)
Collision Theory: Basis of the Rate Law
694(3)
Transition State Theory: Molecular Nature of the Activated Complex
697(3)
Reaction Mechanisms: Steps in the Overall Reaction
700(6)
Elementary Reactions and Molecularity
701(1)
The Rate-Determining Step of a Reaction Mechanism
702(1)
Correlating the Mechanism with the Rate Law
703(3)
Catalysis: Speeding Up a Chemical Reaction
706(16)
Homogeneous Catalysis
707(1)
Heterogeneous Catalysis
708(1)
Chemical Connections to Enzymology: Kinetics and Function of Biological Catalysts
709(2)
Chemical Connections to Atmospheric Science: Depletion of the Earth's Ozone Layer
711(1)
Chapter Perspective
712(1)
For Review and Reference
712(2)
Problems
714(8)
Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical Reactions
722(44)
The Equilibrium State and the Equilibrium Constant
723(3)
The Reaction Quotient and the Equilibrium Constant
726(7)
Writing the Reaction Quotient
727(1)
Variations in the Form of the Reaction Quotient
728(5)
Expressing Equilibria with Pressure Terms: Relation Between Kc and Kp
733(1)
Reaction Direction: Comparing Q and K
734(2)
How to Solve Equilibrium Problems
736(9)
Using Quantities to Determine the Equilibrium Constant
736(3)
Using the Equilibrium Constant to Determine Quantities
739(4)
Mixtures of Reactants and Products: Determining Reaction Direction
743(2)
Reaction Conditions and the Equilibrium State: Le Chatelier's Principle
745(21)
The Effect of a Change in Concentration
746(2)
The Effect of a Change in Pressure (Volume)
748(2)
The Effect of a Change in Temperature
750(2)
The Lack of Effect of a Catalyst
752(2)
Chemical Connections to Cellular Metabolism: Design and Control of a Metabolic Pathway
754(1)
Chemical Connections to Industrial Production: The Haber Process for the Synthesis of Ammonia
755(1)
Chapter Perspective
756(1)
For Review and Reference
757(2)
Problems
759(7)
Acid-Base Equilibria
766(48)
Acids and Bases in Water
768(5)
Release of H+ or OH- and the Classical Acid-Base Definition
768(1)
Variation in Acid Strength: The Acid-Dissociation Constant (Ka)
769(3)
Classifying the Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
772(1)
Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale
773(4)
The Equilibrium Nature of Autoionization: The Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)
773(2)
Expressing the Hydronium Ion Concentration: The pH Scale
775(2)
Proton Transfer and the Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition
777(5)
The Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
778(2)
Relative Acid-Base Strength and the Net Direction of Reaction
780(2)
Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
782(6)
Finding Ka Given a Concentration
783(1)
Finding Concentration Given Ka
784(1)
The Effect of Concentration on the Extent of Acid Dissociation
785(1)
The Behavior of Polyprotic Acids
786(2)
Weak Bases and Their Relation to Weak Acids
788(5)
Molecules as Weak Bases: Ammonia and the Amines
788(3)
Anions of Weak Acids as Weak Bases
791(1)
The Relation Between Ka and Kb of a Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
791(2)
Molecular Properties and Acid Strength
793(3)
Trends in Acid Strength of Nonmetal Hydrides
793(1)
Trends in Acid Strength of Oxoacids
794(1)
Acidity of Hydrated Metal Ions
794(2)
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
796(3)
Salts That Yield Neutral Solutions
796(1)
Salts That Yield Acidic Solutions
796(1)
Salts That Yield Basic Solutions
797(1)
Salts of Weakly Acidic Cations and Weakly Basic Anions
798(1)
Generalizing the Bronsted-Lowry Concept: The Leveling Effect
799(1)
Electron-Pair Donation and the Lewis Acid-Base Definition
800(14)
Molecules as Lewis Acids
801(1)
Metal Cations as Lewis Acids
802(2)
Chapter Perspective
804(1)
For Review and Reference
804(2)
Problems
806(8)
Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems
814(49)
Equilibria of Acid-Base Buffer Systems
815(9)
How a Buffer Works: The Common-Ion Effect
816(4)
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
820(1)
Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range
821(1)
Preparing a Buffer
822(2)
Acid-Base Titration Curves
824(8)
Monitoring pH with Acid-Base Indicators
824(1)
Strong Acid--Strong Base Titration Curves
825(2)
Weak Acid--Strong Base Titration Curves
827(3)
Weak Base-Strong Acid Titration Curves
830(1)
Titration Curves for Polyprotic Acids
830(1)
Amino Acids as Biological Polyprotic Acids
831(1)
Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds
832(12)
The Ion-Product Expression (Qsp) and the Solubility-Product Constant (Ksp)
833(1)
Calculations Involving the Solubility-Product Constant
834(3)
The Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility
837(1)
The Effect of pH on Solubility
838(2)
Chemical Connections to Geology: Creation of a Limestone Cave
840(1)
Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate: Qsp vs. Ksp
841(1)
Chemical Connections to Environmental Science: The Acid-Rain Problem
842(2)
Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
844(6)
Formation of Complex Ions
844(2)
Complex Ions and the Solubility of Precipitates
846(2)
Complex Ions of Amphoteric Hydroxides
848(2)
Ionic Equilibria in Chemical Analysis
850(13)
Selective Precipitation
850(1)
Qualitative Analysis: Identifying Ions in Complex Mixtures
851(3)
Chapter Perspective
854(1)
For Review and Reference
854(2)
Problems
856(7)
Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
863(39)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Predicting Spontaneous Change
864(11)
Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics
865(1)
The Sign of ΔH Cannot Predict Spontaneous Change
866(1)
Freedom of Particle Motion and Dispersal of Particle Energy
867(1)
Entropy and the Number of Microstates
867(3)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
870(1)
Standard Molar Entropies and the Third Law
871(4)
Calculating the Change in Entropy of a Reaction
875(6)
Entropy Changes in the System: Standard Entropy of Reaction (ΔS rxn)
875(2)
Entropy Changes in the Surroundings: The Other Part of the Total
877(1)
The Entropy Change and the Equilibrium State
878(1)
Chemical Connections to Biology: Do Living Things Obey the Laws of Thermodynamics?
879(1)
Spontaneous Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: A Summary
880(1)
Entropy, Free Energy, and Work
881(9)
Free Energy Change and Reaction Spontaneity
881(1)
Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes
882(2)
ΔG and the Work a System Can Do
884(2)
The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Spontaneity
886(2)
Coupling of Reactions to Drive a Nonspontaneous Change
888(1)
Chemical Connections to Biological Energetics: The Universal Role of ATP
889(1)
Free Energy, Equilibrium, and Reaction Direction
890(12)
Chapter Perspective
894(1)
For Review and Reference
894(2)
Problems
896(6)
Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical Work
902(58)
Redox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells
903(6)
A Quick Review of Oxidation-Reduction Concepts
903(1)
Half-Reaction Method for Balancing Redox Reactions
904(4)
An Overview of Electrochemical Cells
908(1)
Voltaic Cells: Using Spontaneous Reactions to Generate Electrical Energy
909(5)
Construction and Operation of a Voltaic Cell
910(2)
Notation for a Voltaic Cell
912(1)
Why Does a Voltaic Cell Work?
913(1)
Cell Potential: Output of a Voltaic Cell
914(9)
Standard Cell Potentials
915(2)
Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
917(6)
Free Energy and Electrical Work
923(9)
Standard Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant
923(3)
The Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential
926(1)
Changes in Potential During Cell Operation
927(1)
Concentration Cells
928(4)
Electrochemical Processes in Batteries
932(4)
Primary (Nonrechargeable) Batteries
932(1)
Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries
933(2)
Fuel Cells
935(1)
Corrosion: A Case of Environmental Electrochemistry
936(3)
The Corrosion of Iron
936(2)
Protecting Against the Corrosion of Iron
938(1)
Electrolytic Cells: Using Electrical Energy to Drive Nonspontaneous Reactions
939(21)
Construction and Operation of an Electrolytic Cell
939(2)
Predicting the Products of Electrolysis
941(3)
The Stoichiometry of Electrolysis: The Relation Between Amounts of Charge and Product
944(3)
Chemical Connections to Biological Energetics: Cellular Electrochemistry and the Production of ATP
947(2)
Chapter Perspective
949(1)
For Review and Reference
949(3)
Problems
952(8)
The Elements in Nature and Industry
960(42)
How the Elements Occur in Nature
961(5)
Earth's Structure and the Abundance of the Elements
961(4)
Sources of the Elements
965(1)
The Cycling of Elements Through the Environment
966(7)
The Carbon Cycle
966(2)
The Nitrogen Cycle
968(2)
The Phosphorus Cycle
970(3)
Metallurgy: Extracting a Metal from Its Ore
973(5)
Pretreating the Ore
973(1)
Converting Mineral to Element
974(3)
Refining and Alloying the Element
977(1)
Tapping the Crust: Isolation and Uses of the Elements
978(14)
Producing the Alkali Metals: Sodium and Potassium
978(2)
The Indispensable Three: Iron, Copper, and Aluminum
980(7)
Mining the Sea: Magnesium and Bromine
987(1)
The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen
988(4)
Chemical Manufacturing: Two Case Studies
992(10)
Sulfuric Acid, the Most Important Chemical
992(2)
The Chlor-Alkali Process
994(2)
Chapter Perspective
996(1)
For Review and Reference
996(1)
Problems
997(5)
The Transition Elements and Their Coordination Compounds
1002(42)
Properties of the Transition Elements
1004(6)
Electron Configurations of the Transition Metals and Their Ions
1004(2)
Atomic and Physical Properties of the Transition Elements
1006(1)
Chemical Properties of the Transition Metals
1007(3)
The Inner Transition Elements
1010(2)
The Lanthanides
1010(1)
The Actinides
1011(1)
Highlights of Selected Transition Metals
1012(5)
Chromium
1012(1)
Manganese
1013(1)
Silver
1014(2)
Mercury
1016(1)
Coordination Compounds
1017(9)
Complex Ions: Coordination Numbers, Geometries, and Ligands
1018(2)
Formulas and Names of Coordination Compounds
1020(2)
A Historical Perspective Alfred Werner and Coordination Theory
1022(1)
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
1023(3)
Theoretical Basis for the Bonding and Properties of Complexes
1026(18)
Application of Valence Bond Theory to Complex Ions
1026(2)
Crystal Field Theory
1028(6)
Chapter Perspective
1034(1)
Chemical Connections to Nutritional Science: Transition Metals as Essential Dietary Trace Elements
1035(2)
For Review and Reference
1037(1)
Problems
1038(6)
Nuclear Reactions and Their Applications
1044
Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability
1046(8)
The Components of the Nucleus: Terms and Notation
1046(1)
The Discovery of Radioactivity and the Types of Emissions
1046(2)
Types of Radioactive Decay; Balancing Nuclear Equations
1048(2)
Nuclear Stability and the Mode of Decay
1050(4)
The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
1054(5)
The Rate of Radioactive Decay
1054(1)
Tools of the Laboratory: Counters for the Detection of Radioactive Emissions
1055(2)
Radioisotopic Dating
1057(2)
Nuclear Transmutation: Induced Changes in Nuclei
1059(3)
Early Transmutation Experiments; Discovery of the Neutron
1059(1)
Particle Accelerators and the Transuranium Elements
1060(2)
The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Matter
1062(4)
The Effects of Radioactive Emissions: Excitation and Ionization
1062(1)
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Living Matter
1062(4)
Applications of Radioisotopes
1066(4)
Radioactive Tracers: Applications of Nonionizing Radiation
1066(3)
Applications of Ionizing Radiation
1069(1)
The Interconversion of Mass and Energy
1070(3)
The Mass Defect
1070(1)
Nuclear Binding Energy
1071(2)
Applications of Fission and Fusion
1073
The Process of Nuclear Fission
1073(4)
The Promise of Nuclear Fusion
1077(1)
Chemical Connections to Cosmology: Origin of the Elements in the Stars
1078(2)
Chapter Perspective
1080(1)
For Review and Reference
1081(2)
Problems
1083
Appendix A Common Mathematical Operations in Chemistry 1(4)
Appendix B Standard Thermodynamic Values for Selected Substances at 298 K 5(3)
Appendix C Equilibrium Constants at 298 K 8(3)
Appendix D Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials at 298 K 11(1)
Appendix E Answers to Selected Problems 12
Glossary 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Index 1

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